1 definition of emergency

The "Law of the People's Republic of China on Incident Responses" clearly stipulates that emergencies mainly refer to natural disasters, accident disasters, public health events, and social security incidents. The definition of emergencies mainly reflects three elements:

(1) suddenly occurred;

(2) Has caused or may cause serious harm;

(3) It is necessary to take emergency measures. Incidents in the subway system mainly refer to unconventional events such as operational interruptions, group deaths, and bodily injuries that occur due to equipment failures, fire explosions, terrorist attacks, natural disasters, or sudden passenger flow.

The standard for the level of metro emergency incidents is the magnitude of the social hazards caused or likely to be caused by the incidents, which are grade I ( extremely significant ) , grade II ( major ) , grade III ( large ) and grade IV ( weight to light ) . General ) .

2 subway emergency analysis

As one of the rail transits, the subway not only follows strict rules in the realization of transport organization and functions, but also obeys objective laws in terms of security guarantees. Only under the unified command of the train, the traffic organization, equipment, vehicle overhaul, etc. are within the specification requirements, can the safety of the subway train be realized. After emergencies, the process of organizing emergency rescues is urgently required to be regulated by strict regulations. Through the cooperation of multi-professional and multi-industry, the efficiency of emergency rescue is improved. The complex subway operation system is formed by the combination of basic elements such as stations, vehicles, tunnels, electromechanical equipment, and fire protection systems. The occurrence and development of various types of subway emergencies are closely related to it . Therefore, it is possible to dig deep into the significance of various hazard sources, inherent laws and associated characteristics of the subway operation system, and to grasp the characteristics of various hazard sources, so as to lay the foundation for early prevention and late control of subway accidents. The solid foundation is also a strong support for rapid and effective emergency measures after the subway accident. According to the definition and classification of emergencies, the hazard sources in the subway system and their impacts are analyzed in four aspects as follows:

(1) Source categories: Natural disasters. Typhoons, typhoons, heavy rain, high temperatures, landslides, earthquakes and other special meteorological and natural disasters have damaged subway facilities and affected the normal operation of subway trains, causing casualties and major economic losses. The general scope of influence includes the operation of stations, intervals, depots [35] .

(2) Hazard Category 2: Public Health. Sites and carriers related to public health, such as collective canteens, people carrying viruses or people, etc., are caused by such hidden dangers as group infectious diseases, food poisoning, and occupational hazards. The scope of influence mainly includes operating stations, sections, and depots.

(3) Category 3 of hazards: social security. The risk of fighting and fighting in the operation site, participation in illegal organization activities, and other acts and the risks of terrorist attacks have resulted in the loss of the reputation of the MTR, jeopardizing social stability, casualties, and major economic losses. The scope of influence generally includes operating stations, sections, and depots.

(4) Hazard Category 4: Incident Disaster. The common accident disasters and their impact on the subway system are shown in Table 2.1 .

In addition, The paper, on the basis of the research results of others, adhere to in-depth research, collect and analyze relevant information, sorting out in the period from 1863 to 2014, 160 domestic and foreign subway emergencies, of which 52 cases of fire accidents, people falling accident 26 since, rear-ended accident 18 cases, 16 cases of explosion, derailment, terrorist attacks, natural disasters, and other emergencies 48 stampede from [36], the statistical classification of subway emergencies as shown in table 2.2.

Through statistical analysis of subway accidents at home and abroad in the past one and a half century, it can be seen that fires, personnel crashes and collision accidents occupy the top three in the subway accidents, and the total number of the three types of accidents accounts for more than half. After analyzing the causes and mechanisms of the above-mentioned subway emergencies, the emergency handling process afterwards, and summing up the experiences and lessons from past accidents, it is necessary to continuously improve and improve the subway emergency management. This article is to further improve the theoretical system of emergency management of subways from the perspective of emergency relief supplies. Through the above analysis, it can be seen that subway emergencies are mainly concentrated at a certain location or in a certain interval. Therefore, the forth chapter of this paper is to emergency rescue of subway emergency. The research on the allocation of materials mainly focused on the situation of multiple emergency response materials for single disaster - multiple emergency stations.

3 Metro emergency features

Under normal circumstances, there are two kinds of subway line locations, one is in the underground space, with a closed special nature. The other is on a viaduct and is a semi-enclosed environment. It is precisely because of this closed or semi-closed metro characteristics and the subway as an important carrier in modern transportation. The emergencies that occur in the subway system have their own unique characteristics. The following points are summarized.

(1) High uncertainty.

Subway emergencies are highly destructive. Unpredictable times and locations are unpredictable. The nature of events and the trend of events cannot be determined. These uncertainties are urgent in the time dimension and threatening in the spatial dimension. Therefore, it is said that uncertainty is the most essential feature of emergencies.

(2) Loss of casualties

Passenger traffic in the metro is large and in a closed or semi-closed environment. Once an emergency occurs, passengers will be unable to escape, and fire, explosions, natural disasters and other emergencies will cause permanent damage to subway equipment, regardless of personnel. Casualties or equipment damage, the consequences are extremely heavy.

(3) Rescue is difficult and the impact is long

The closed or semi-enclosed environment of the subway also increases the difficulty of emergency rescue. As a result, rescue workers cannot penetrate the site of the accident. It is difficult for rapid and effective rescue to be implemented in a short period of time. If subway facilities and equipment are damaged, it will inevitably result in Operation is interrupted for a long time.

(4) Large derivative

Once an incident occurs on the subway line somewhere, it cannot be controlled and rescued in a short period of time. It is easy to derive a chain reaction in many aspects. The initial stage of an incident may be only a minor incident, but it may follow. The intervention of various factors evolved into major emergencies. For example, the collapse of the tunnel, the impact of nearby municipal water supply and drainage and gas and other municipal projects, disrupt the opening of the entire operation of the line, and even cause ground traffic noise.

4 Concepts, characteristics and configuration principles of emergency relief supplies

4.1 The concept and characteristics of emergency relief supplies

Emergency relief supplies refer to the guarantee materials needed to quickly meet the emergency response to control the development of the disaster and reduce casualties and losses during the entire process from the occurrence of emergencies to the subsequent emergency response. Because emergency rescue materials have a direct impact on the development of the disaster and the safety of life and property in the rescue and disaster relief phase and the recovery and reconstruction phase, their deployment needs to be resolved within a short time as quickly as possible, which has the following obvious features compared to common material allocation.

(1) suddenness.

Suddenness is the unique feature unique to emergency relief supplies. Since unexpected time and place cannot be expected, and once an unexpected event occurs, policy makers need to provide emergency relief supplies in the most secure and quickest way under conditions of extremely incomplete supply and demand information. Make correct decisions to meet the full configuration of emergency relief supplies.

(2) Timeliness.

The nature of emergencies requires that emergency relief supplies have strong timeliness. If emergency relief supplies cannot be quickly and effectively configured, they may cause unnecessary losses or even casualties, and the extent of the consequences of emergencies and emergency relief supplies. The fast and accurate configuration is closely related.

(3) Time-varying.

The supply and demand information in the process of general material allocation is determined, and the lines and methods of distribution are determined in advance. From the entire configuration process, the configuration is in a relatively stable state. However, there may be an unpredictable trend in the process of development and changes in emergencies. It is impossible to accurately estimate the time, location, duration, and scope of impact of the occurrence of a derivative disaster. These uncertain factors make the type, quantity, and configuration range of emergency relief supplies. All have a time change.

(4) Weak economy.

After emergencies, the primary consideration for the configuration of emergency relief supplies is non-economic goals, such as reducing the number of casualties, controlling the spread of the disaster, etc., maximizing the satisfaction of the needs of the victims, and alleviating and eliminating the adverse social hazards. In the event of a major emergency, the allocation of emergency relief supplies should be a purely consumer supply. The general distribution of goods is guided by economic objectives such as commercial profits, and reasonable arrangements for the number of plans, plans, modes of transport, etc., to maximize economic efficiency.

(5) Cooperation.

In the process of emergency rescue, in order to minimize the degree of social harm, if necessary, it is necessary to mobilize enterprises or individuals such as fire protection, medical care, Red Cross, or even international relief organizations. When adopting this kind of cooperative rescue approach, it is necessary to establish a cooperative relationship quickly and to carry out emergency aid material allocation in a timely, rapid, and accurate manner under the unified command of the emergency rescue organizer.

4.2 Emergency rescue resource allocation principles

Based on the characteristics of emergencies and the characteristics of emergency relief supplies, the location and configuration of emergency relief supplies will have complex and dynamic features. The location of the emergency relief material storage base is the basis of the entire emergency rescue process. It is based on the premise of ensuring the timeliness of emergency relief materials, and considering the factors such as the transportation speed and the configuration scope, the emergency relief materials are stored in the appropriate location [ . The rapid and effective deployment of emergency relief supplies is the key to emergency rescue. It is based on the comprehensive consideration of the situation of the development of the disaster and the speed, method and scope of emergency relief supplies, and proposes an optimal allocation plan for emergency relief supplies. Regardless of the static configuration in the early stage or the dynamic configuration in the later stage, it is of crucial importance to the development trend and impact degree of emergencies. The above two aspects are interdependent and affect each other in the entire process of emergency rescue and are all essential considerations.

For the location of subway emergency stations, the layout of emergency stations must not only be reasonable, but also the scale of emergency relief supplies must be appropriate. The principle is based on the fact that the emergency rescue material is delivered to the demand point with the least number of emergency stations and the shortest transit time, and the material allocation plan after the occurrence of an emergency should be taken into consideration to meet the urgency of emergency rescue material allocation and the satisfaction of material requirements. . We have divided the emergency incidents in the subway into multiple levels artificially, so the corresponding emergency relief material needs are not equal. If the material reserves in the emergency stations are too large, it will inevitably lead to an increase in construction costs, storage costs, etc. , And the scale is too small to meet the needs of emergency disaster relief. Therefore, during the siting of subway emergency stations, material waste and cost increase should be avoided.

For the allocation of subway emergency relief supplies, in addition to considering the allocation of emergency relief supplies in the static allocation phase of the subway, another important consideration is the diversity of emergency relief supplies, based on the location of the subway emergency station and on the entire operation route. The role of reasonable prediction of possible future emergencies, targeted emergency relief supplies configured to meet emergency needs under different conditions. In the later stage of dynamic configuration, first of all, in order to meet the timeliness requirements of emergency relief supplies, the configuration process should follow the principle of time first, and the emergency relief materials should be delivered in place within the earliest possible time. Secondly, reasonable allocation should be made, and on the premise of ensuring continuous emergency rescue work, adequate emergency relief supplies will be transported to affected stations such as operating stations, sections, depots, and along the route. Again, reduce emergency costs as much as possible. Although the emergency rescue process is not based on economic objectives, it should be based on the principle of conservation and reduce the logistics costs of emergency relief supplies.

The information in this article comes from the Internet and was reorganized and edited by China Rescue Equipment Network.