Wang Guangzu Wei Fengwu

Materials are one of the three pillars of modern civilization, and new materials are the foundation and precursor of the new technological revolution. Throughout the history of human use of materials, it can be clearly seen that every discovery and application of new materials raises the ability of mankind to transform nature to a new level. Every major breakthrough in materials science will lead to production technology. The revolution has brought about tremendous changes in social production and people's lives.

From the perspective of historical development, in the era of every civilization, which country or region has mastered the iconic technology of this era, it can take the lead in international competition and greatly improve its level of production development; which country takes the lead With advanced technology, we can gain a dominant position in the international competition.

Diamond combines many excellent properties. In addition to its ultra-hard properties, it also has the highest thermal conductivity, excellent optical properties, semiconductor properties and chemical stability. Today, the application of synthetic diamond has been involved in many fields, and it is no exaggeration to say that there is no modern industry without synthetic diamond. Despite this, compared to the application potential of diamonds, we have only developed a small part so far, and the application of diamonds is still in its infancy.

The use of diamonds in the fields of industry and science and technology, in general, is used as engineering materials and functional materials. For more than half a century since the advent of synthetic diamonds, it has been used primarily as an engineering material, such as abrasive tools, drilling tools, sawing tools, cutting tools, etc., and has contributed greatly to the modernization of industrial technology. More than a century has passed, and we believe that this is just the tip of the iceberg of its application development. The more exciting and attractive application prospects are still behind.

Functional materials are those materials that have special properties related to physical and chemical functions in industry and technology, such as light, electricity, magnetism, sound, heat, etc., including electrical functional materials, magnetic functional materials, optical functional materials, Superconducting materials, smart materials, hydrogen storage materials, biological materials, medical materials, tissue engineering materials, nano drug carriers, functional films, and the like.

Diamond film is a brand new diamond product developed in the 1970s. Because it breaks through the size limitation of traditional synthetic diamond represented by static pressure method, the optical, thermal and electronic properties of diamond can be utilized.

With the further improvement of large single crystal diamond synthesis technology and cost reduction, the application range and market of diamond will expand rapidly, especially once the development of diamond semiconductors is successful, humans will usher in the post-steel era and the monocrystalline silicon era. In the glorious era of diamonds, we have now seen the dawn of this era.

1 Application in medical treatment

1.1 New applications in the field of medical temperature measurement technology

Scientists have found that monoatomic impurities in diamond crystals (usually replaced by a nitrogen atom or a vacancy) are very sensitive to temperature changes, and such temperature fluctuations can be a technical obstacle to maintaining quantum bits. Biological temperature measurement in the medical field is very useful.

In a study conducted at Harvard University, workers placed a 100-nm diamond particle into a human cell and then irradiated the diamond particle with a green laser. Since the laser changes the spin state of the electrons in the impurity, the emitted green laser becomes a red laser after passing through the nanodiamond particles. The degree of laser color change can be used to measure temperature changes in human cells.

This high-precision temperature difference measurement technology based on nano-diamond particles can help doctors distinguish cancer-causing cells in the human body and make medical diagnosis in time. The application prospect of nano-diamond materials is therefore broader.

1.2 Nano-diamonds are used to improve the chemotherapy effect of leukemia

Daunorubicin (daunomycin) is currently used to treat leukemia. The drug slows or stops cancer cells from growing and causes most cancer cells to die. However, it also allows leukemia cells to develop resistance to the drug, and the drug is introduced into leukemia cells to actively excrete chemotherapeutic agents, including daunorubicin.

Scientists at the National University of Singapore and the University of California turned to nanodiamonds as a topic to address drug biology to study the biological principles that nanodiamonds may overcome.

The scientists bind the triclosin to the surface of the nanodiamond and then introduce it into the leukemia cells. Nanodiamonds were found to transport drugs into cancer cells without being expelled. Due to its non-invasive size and unique surface characteristics, nanodiamonds can be easily released without clogging blood vessels.

Dr. Zhou, who is engaged in this research, said: The use of nanodiamonds provides an ideal biocompatible complex and is an ideal therapeutic vehicle for enhanced therapeutic outcomes. One of the current goals is to determine that drugs are well transported by nanodiamonds to specific disease models, which will facilitate the treatment of patients in the future.

Further systematic research and safety assessment of nanodiamonds is expected to be fully operational, and it is hoped that the research can be applied to clinical treatment of leukemia without the treatment of daunorubicin.

The US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has passed research on nano-injection suspensions (Abraxane), which will help accelerate the development of new nano-therapeutics and imaging technologies for cancer treatment.

1.3 Using nano-diamond to transport brain tumor chemotherapy drugs

Researchers at the University of California, Jonson Comprehensive Cancer Center have developed an innovative drug delivery system that uses tiny particles of nanodiamonds to deliver chemotherapy drugs to brain tumors. The new treatment method can effectively kill cancer cells, and the incidence of side effects is extremely low compared with the existing treatment methods.

Doxorubicin is a common chemotherapeutic agent. When injected directly into the tumor, it acts as a drug to treat the tumor. The University of California School of Dentistry Dean Hejan doxorubicin molecule is attached to the surface of the nanodiamond to create a compound ND-DOX.

The study found that the tumor's ND-DOX water remained stable beyond the single injection of doxorubicin, indicating that doxorubicin attached to the nanodiamond entered the tumor and retained for a longer period of time. It has also been found that ND-DOX increases cancer cell death and reduces glioma cell viability.

The study showed once that ND-DOX transported a limited amount of doxorubicin, which was dispersed outside the tumor. This mode of transport reduces toxic side effects and ensures longer duration of the drug at the tumor, increasing the effectiveness of the drug in killing the tumor without affecting the surrounding tissue.

2 Applications in microelectromechanical systems

The thermal conductivity and electrical resistivity of diamond are the highest among all materials. Using these characteristics of diamond, the deposition of nano-diamond film on the surface of electronic component materials can greatly reduce the size of components used for heat dissipation in the original components, which not only solves the heat conduction. The problem, but also the possibility of making very large scale integrated circuits. The film layer also acts as an insulation protection for the conductor, avoiding mutual interference between the components.

Ultra-nano-diamond (UNCD) films developed by Argonne National Laboratory and ADT (Advanced Diamond Technologies Inc.) related products can be used to fabricate MEMS/NEMS devices. For example, RF oscillators, accelerometers, AFM probes, and micromotors.

3 Optical performance applications

3.1 missile infrared window

The more commonly used infrared window materials are ZnS and ZnSe. Although these two materials have good infrared transmission ability, their physical properties are relatively fragile and easily damaged. In military and non-conventional applications, the requirements for infrared windows are very strict. These devices often work under very harsh conditions. For example, the infrared window used for missiles is not only operating at high speeds but also with wind, sand and rain after the missile is launched. The diamond film is a high-quality surface material, diamond has infrared anti-reflection properties, and the diamond film is a good anti-reflection film material as an infrared window. In addition, the high thermal conductivity and wear resistance of diamond can also protect the infrared window from external impact. Therefore, the diamond film is coated on the surface of the infrared window, which completely solves various problems in the application of the infrared window in the military aerospace field.

The Lockheed Missile and Space Company of the United States has used a low-pressure gas-phase synthetic diamond film to fabricate a window of a large aerodynamic weapon missile interceptor. The diamond film is coated on both sides of the silicon wafer to increase the light transmittance by 26%. The window can withstand harshness. High-speed flight without window emission due to flight-optical effects.

3.2 New diamond lens for optical data storage

Since 1985, compact discs and CDs have become standard storage media for music, digital cameras, computer data and games. As storage requirements for storage disks continue to increase, future generations of optical media require higher storage capacity. . This trend has emerged on the DVD and its follow-up Blu-Ray (blu-ray) discs. Diamond lens is the core component of next-generation memory technology, and its storage capacity will reach 1TB (1000GB) per disk.

The key to increasing data storage density is the ability to create small lenses that work with shortwaves. The storage capacity of the disc is increased by technical improvements by reducing the wavelength of the laser reader and increasing the digital grating (NA) of the focusing lens. This requires a high NA value, the materials used are quite important, have a high refractive index and transparency in use, and diamond is the material of choice for these conditions.

Synthetic diamond obtained by Element Six by chemical hydrazine deposition is an ideal optical material that meets the needs. Lens manufacturers have made an important technological breakthrough, enabling lenses to store large amounts of data to meet commercial needs. This is also a new development in the microscopic field of diamond processing technology, but also a demonstration of diamond versatility.

3.3 for stealth materials

In recent years, with the development of science and technology, various detection methods have become more and more advanced. For example, radar can be used to detect aircraft by using electromagnetic radiation, and infrared objects can also be used to detect infrared objects. At present, in order to adapt to the needs of modern warfare, countries all over the world have improved their strength in military confrontation, and also made stealth technology an important research object. Stealth materials occupy an important position in stealth technology. A small amount of nano-diamond is suspended in the paint and sprayed on aircraft, tanks, missiles, and warships to provide invisible anti-corrosion.

Why do ultrafine particles, especially nanoparticles, have a stealth effect on infrared and electromagnetic waves? There are two main reasons: on the one hand, because the size of nanoparticles is much smaller than the wavelength of infrared and radar waves, the transmittance ratio of nanoparticle materials to such wavelengths The conventional material is much stronger, which greatly reduces the reflectivity of the wave, so that the infrared detector and the radar receive the reflected signal becomes weak, thereby achieving the stealth effect; on the other hand, the surface area of ​​the nanoparticle material is larger than the conventional coarse powder. It is 3 to 4 orders of magnitude larger, and the absorption rate of infrared light and electromagnetic waves is much larger than that of conventional materials. This makes the intensity of the reflected signal obtained by infrared detectors and radars greatly reduced, so it is difficult to find the target to be detected. Stealth. At present, stealth materials have broad application prospects in many aspects, but most of the stealth materials that are currently in use are used in aerospace and military-related parts. One of the requirements for materials in heaven is light weight. Nanomaterials are advantageous in this respect. In particular, nanomaterials composed of light elements are widely used in aviation stealth.

4 Applications in detectors and sensors

CERN scientist Anna Dabrowski, who is responsible for the CMS experiment, said: Our CMS laboratory relies mainly on the stability of synthetic diamond to monitor the beam of the Large Hadron Collider and the particles generated during the collision. The stability of this diamond-based system is important for protecting sensitive components that track 66 000 000 channels of pixels. (NOVEL MATERIAS: Synthetic diamond offers much more than heat sinking)

In addition to particle detection, applications in this area include:

A miniature magnetometer was developed using single crystal diamond with a nitrogen vacancy center and sensed by the strength and direction of the magnetic field.

The use of diamond inert and boron-doped conductivity to produce highly reversible electrochemical sensors.

The use of boron-doped diamond in a two-pole electrochemical cell to replace corrosive liquids, reduce harmful chemicals, and achieve environmentally friendly battery production.

5 Applications in the field of acoustics

5.1 Used to make high fidelity acoustic devices

Diamond has the highest sound transmission speed (C = 18.5km / s) and moderate internal damping factor. The diaphragm prepared by its film has excellent high frequency response characteristics, and the HRF value of the material increases with the speed of sound transmission. Increased up to 63k Hz. The signal-to-noise ratio also increases with increasing sound velocity, while a high noise ratio produces a clear sound. Due to the large HRF of DF and DLC, it is the most ideal medium and high sound diaphragm material, which can be used to manufacture high-fidelity (Hi-Fi) acoustic devices.

Polycrystalline diamond coated ceramic diaphragms have been used as high frequency diaphragms for high-end stereo speakers. Internationally, DLC coated diaphragms are close to commercialization, and DF diaphragms are still far from commercialization.

5.2 Space Detector "Voice 1" carries the diamond phonograph needle away from the solar system

Recently, the NASA Jet Propulsion Laboratory issued a statement that the data sent back by the Voyager 1 Detector launched in 1977 showed that it had reached the edge of the solar system.

The most special thing about this spacecraft is the spacecraft that pursues the mission of the universe. The most special thing is that it carries a copper disk record. The record is 12 inches thick, with a gold-plated surface and a diamond phonograph needle. Diamond has high Young's modulus and elastic modulus, which is convenient for high-frequency acoustic wave high-fidelity transmission. It is the ideal material for high-frequency diaphragm of loudspeakers.

A letter to the extraterrestrial civilization was extended to a billion years later due to its unique diamond phonograph needle device. Away from the solar system, Voyager 1 will also carry the greetings of the Earth to the center of the Milky Way at a speed of 17 kilometers per second.

5.3 Ideal for use as RF micromotors and SAW devices

UNCD has the highest speed of sound, low power consumption (high Q), low frequency coefficient of temperature, and linear frequency response at high frequencies/power across all materials, making it an ideal material for RF MEMS devices in the GHz band. The use of UNCD directly integrates RF filters and switches with performance microelectronics for enhanced performance and greatly reduces device size.

The acoustic surface velocity of diamond films can reach 9000-0000m/s, which is the highest among all materials. Therefore, the highest frequency SAW device can be fabricated using a diamond film. In addition, the high thermal conductivity of diamond allows SAW devices to withstand higher power. Sumitomo Electric Co., Ltd. is a world leader in the manufacture of silicon-based diamond film substrate SAW devices. In 2002, it was able to achieve 5GHz.

6 for magnetic recording systems

First, the application of nanodiamonds in the magnetic magnetic coating of magnetic tapes and magnetic disks is used as an anti-wear additive and a physical denaturing agent. Secondly, it is added to an electrochemical composite coating to improve the stability of magnetic recording.

Due to its small size, magnetic nanoparticles have a single magnetic domain structure and high turbidity. The use of magnetic recording materials can improve the signal-to-noise ratio and improve image quality. The size of the magnetic particles as the magnetic recording unit must meet the following requirements:

(1) The length of the particles should be much smaller than the recording wavelength;

(2) The width of the particles should be much smaller than the recording depth;

(3) As many as possible, there are more magnetic particles in the recording volume of one unit.

The addition of nanodiamond to the ferromagnetic layer significantly reduces the magnetic domains (ferromagnetic particles), ie the recording density can be significantly increased.

The nano-diamond is introduced into a special film in which the magnetic head is cleaned, and its wear resistance is remarkably increased.

A soft magnetic information carrier containing nanodiamonds has the following advantages: reduced wear of the magnetic carrier layer, reduced friction, and improved operational stability.

Compared with the pure CoP coating, the amorphous film of CoP-nano-diamond soft magnetic shows that the microhardness is increased by 30%, the wear resistance is increased by 3.5 times, the friction coefficient is reduced by 28.6%, and the service life of the magnetic core is doubled.

7 Application in field emission display

Field Emission Display (FED) is a new type of self-illuminating flat panel display.

Diamond has a relatively low work function, and electrons are more likely to become field-emitting electrons through the surface barrier, which is the most important condition for the field emission cathode. In addition, the diamond film also has a series of excellent properties, such as extremely high hardness, excellent thermal conductivity, good light permeability, stable chemical properties, etc. These are favorable conditions for the field emission cathode. Therefore, the use of diamond film for cold cathode has become one of the research hotspots, and has achieved considerable results.

It should be pointed out that high quality diamond is almost non-conductive and difficult to make a cathode directly used as a field emission display. At present, the cathode used for field emission is a diamond-like film or a diamond film doped with elements such as N and H. Nowadays, in most practical research, the diamond-like film with higher sp3 content is generally used and N, H and other elements are used as the field emission material.

The cold cathode field emission display has a consistent view of all aspects because it combines the advantages of various current displays, and is considered to be the "star of tomorrow" of the display.

8 Electronic information industry

In the field of electronic information, superhard material cutting tools are mainly used for processing of crystal materials for electronic components, cutting of IC (integrated circuit) packaging materials, processing of optical components of optoelectronic component modules, processing of module components of audiovisual display devices, and the like. With the advancement of science and technology, IC integration is getting higher and higher, functional modular design is new, and the corresponding processing procedures are becoming more and more demanding for super-hard materials. It also promotes the cutting of super-hard materials in the field of electronic information. The development of tools.

At present, most of the ultra-hard materials tools used in the field of electronic information are still occupied by foreign products, mainly Japanese DICO, ASAHI, MITSUBISH, US ITI, MTI, UKAM, Korea EHWA, SHINHAN, Swiss WALL and other companies. In this regard, China has carried out targeted development, in which Sanma has done a lot of development work, and some products have achieved or approached the performance of foreign products.

9 Application in thermal performance

9.1 New Solid State Laser

The use of diamond as a solid-state laser material opens up new opportunities for designing small, compact solid-state lasers that will have greater power carrying capacity and will be performed at wavelengths that are currently unavailable, thus opening up new applications. . Diamonds have a unique combination of optical and thermal properties, making them ideal for these applications. The latest single crystal CVD materials produced by Element Six take advantage of these properties. For example, Raman lasers have been developed using materials such as silicon and are being used in the telecommunications field, while diamonds can be used to boost their performance to new power levels and more wavelengths.

Due to thermal issues, current generations of continuous wave solid state Raman lasers are limited to a few watts of power. Diamond has a high thermal conductivity and a low coefficient of thermal expansion, resulting in greater power load capacity. Dr. Kemp, who is working on this research, points out: "The most unremarkable but most common problem in laser engineering is how to handle thermal energy, especially when you want to achieve high performance in small packages. In high-power Raman lasers This problem is particularly acute, because crystals that can be good Raman converters usually have poor thermal conductivity, so diamonds have their place. The thermal conductivity of diamonds is two times higher than that of commonly used Raman crystals. Up to three orders of magnitude, it should be an excellent Raman medium, and we can achieve higher output power.” In addition, diamonds have a stronger ability to change wavelengths than currently used Raman optical crystals, which may Will increase its application potential. Chris Wort said: "Diamond has a higher Raman gain factor and a larger Raman shift than conventional Raman media."

9.2 Heat sink application

CVD diamond has the same highest thermal conductivity as single crystal type IIa diamond, making it widely used as a heat dissipating component for high power density high-end devices in the most active fields of electron-electron, optoelectronics, and optical communication. Mainly used in laser diodes and arrays, high-speed computer CPU chip multi-dimensional integrated circuits, military high-power radar microwave traveling wave tube thermal support rods, microwave integrated circuit substrates, integrated circuit package automatic bonding tools TAB and other high-tech fields.

Current integrated circuits, high-density high-density devices such as laser diode arrays are becoming more and more widely used, but as the temperature of the die increases, the service life and performance are greatly shortened. A high thermal conductivity diamond heat sink can release heat as quickly as possible, thereby reducing temperature rise.

10 high temperature, high frequency semiconductor material applications

CVD diamond is an excellent high temperature, wide bandgap semiconductor material with extremely high electron and hole carrier migration rates. CVD diamond semiconductors can operate at temperatures up to 600 ° C, which is the ultimate application for diamond materials to be frozen. CVD replaces the most widely used germanium, silicon and gallium arsenide semiconductor materials, and will become a milestone in the development of semiconductor materials and technologies. Therefore, materials scientists predict that the advent of CVD semiconductor devices is a revolution in electronic technology. At present, CVD diamond diodes, field effect diodes, and various photosensitive-varistor-thermal semiconductor devices used in harsh environments have been successfully developed and put into use and enter the market.

11 Electrochemical and Radiation Detection Applications

The electrical insulation, wide bandgap, radiation resistance and unique electronegativity of CVD diamond have made it successful in the application of detectors for nuclear reaction and high energy particle accelerators. At the same time, the highly sensitive CVD diamond radioactive detector has made a good contribution in the treatment of tumors, radioactive contamination detection and treatment. Due to its very wide electrochemical window (>3V) and excellent chemical inertness, doped CVD diamond electrochemical electrodes have begun to be used in environmental protection fields such as hazardous contamination detection and wastewater treatment.

12 wish potential

(1) It is worth noting that the ultra-high-strength anvil made of single crystal CVD diamond can be used in a new generation of high-pressure test equipment for new material synthesis and basic scientific research. As a leading company in the development of CVD diamonds, Element Six is ​​actively developing and utilizing the cutting-edge performance of this material, which may have a tremendous and far-reaching impact on the development of science and technology in this century.

(2) Solid-state circuit devices fabricated using CVD diamond, a wide-bandgap material, have superior characteristics to those of silicon devices, and it is possible to improve the existing electrical design and circuit layout, thereby affecting the structure of the future power electronics of the aerospace industry.

(3) Metal-semiconductor field-effect transistors have long been considered to be one of the most promising devices fabricated using CVD diamond. Because diamond has the ability to operate at higher temperatures and higher breakdown voltages than conventional semiconductors. Compared with competitive materials used in electronic circuits such as silicon and gallium arsenide, the intrinsic inherent properties of single crystal CVD diamonds are clearly superior, and there is a strong demand in high-tech applications. The application of new electronic devices with a view to improving microwave power electronic devices is likely to cause major changes in microwave power electronic devices.

(4) A high numerical aperture lens made of single crystal CVD diamond for near-field optical information storage can greatly improve the information capacity of the optical disk, and may increase to 150 GB or more. The theoretical information capacity is said to be as high as 550GB.

(5) It is worth mentioning that the diamond microwave transmission window is a key component of the ongoing nuclear fusion test in Germany and Japan, and is also an important component of the international thermonuclear test reactor being built in France. Because CVD diamond has low absorption rate of microwave energy, but has high thermal conductivity and small dielectric constant, it is a crucial material in microwave applications.

(6) If the quantum-scale ultra-high purity single crystal CVD diamond is successfully applied in quantum computers, it will greatly improve the computing speed of the computer, quickly search for a vast database and build complex computational models, and it is possible to quickly decipher extremely Complex password. At present, military organizations in various countries spare no effort to support the development of quantum computers. It can be said that the successful development of this ultra-purity isotropic quantum single crystal CVD diamond marks a milestone in the development of synthetic diamond by CVD technology.

(7) The UNDC Horigon successfully developed by ADT is the smoothest UNCD film in the world, marking an epoch-making leap in the level of CVD diamond technology, enabling the surface finish of diamond films to reach the level of electronic grade silicon wafers, creating diamonds. A new era in the diversification of thin films in electronic devices and biomedical devices.

(8) In the 21st century, science and technology workers from all over the world who have pioneered and innovated and challenged themselves have turned their attention to a new type of material, nanomaterials, which is a very important part of the nanomaterial family. member. The structure below nanometer and nanometer is a key point of future technological development. It is both a technological revolution and an industrial revolution. Because nanodiamond has peculiar physical-mechanical properties, it is a material with important theoretical and applied research value. It is believed that its development and application will promote the rapid development of human science and technology and bring more material benefits and gospel to people. It is not difficult to predict from the developed application areas that its potential prospects are good.

13 ideas

From the above-mentioned little information, we should first feel the clue of the function application of diamond, and herald a wonderful future. In order for the glorious beauty to come soon, we must:

(1) Take the lead and think a few more steps than others. As long as you can think a few more steps than others, you can surpass others. There is no secret to the success of a successful person, but there is a habit of thinking a few more steps than the average person.

On the road to success, "difficult to work hard" is indispensable, but we must not neglect to "look up and look at the road." Thinking more than others, sometimes not only will not waste time, but also make yourself more fully and comprehensively understand and grasp the future, so as to be closer to the goal of success.

In real life, thinking a few more steps, that is to say, having certain foresight and insight, will bring us great and unexpected value.

(2) Acting immediately, success stems from action. If there is no action, no matter how good the plan can only stay in place, then the beautiful dreams are equal to zero. Everything begins with the heart, acts into action, and action is the ladder of success. Only action can turn the thoughts in the heart into reality, and realize your own grand goals and ideals.

The power of action is enormous, it can be higher than the sky, thicker than the earth, everything in the world begins with action, and with action, you can successfully complete everything. As long as we are willing to act, success will belong to us.

(3) Immediately be the first person to eat crabs. Mr. Lu Xun once praised: "The first person who eats crabs is very admirable. Isn't the warrior who dares to eat it?" Anyone who dares to eat the first crab has the spirit of adventure. It is this spirit. It has always been the most important driving force for scientific discovery. The discovery of the New World in the Americas is the result of the Columbus maritime expedition; the discovery of Rad, the contribution of Mrs. Curie made the atomic bomb possible.

To be the first person to eat crabs, you have to say "no" to anything easily, because many things can only be done by yourself, only to know the mystery; only if you dare to do it, you will understand that there are some Things are not unattainable. As Ford Motor President Philippe said: "If there is no risk-taking, there will be no power, laser beams, airplanes, satellites or cars today. Thousands of results will not exist." So, the first to eat crabs Man is an indispensable person in this world. We must keep in mind that "the empty talk about the wrong country, the hard work of the country", we must strive to be the first person to eat crabs.

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