Accident rescue in winter waters refers to rescue operations carried out by people, vehicles, and livestock that have fallen or been trapped in ice that has been frozen in rivers, lakes, and other waters, or ice floes that float a lot of ice.

An accident analysis

Water in the standard atmospheric pressure, its shape changes with the temperature changes. When the temperature decreases from high to low to 0 °C , which is theoretically called the freezing point temperature, the water gradually changes from the liquid state to the solid state, and finally is frozen into solid ice.

( i ) The water temperature in glaciers is low, and personnel in distress are vulnerable to freezing

In China's northeast, northwest Qinghai-Tibet Plateau and other places, outdoor temperature in the cold season is usually between IO ~ C ~ a 40 ℃, the outdoor temperature Arctic Village areas up to about a 50 ℃. As a result, rivers, lakes and other waters in the area are frozen into thick layers of ice. It has been determined that when the outdoor temperature is between IO~C ~ 40~C , it is frozen in the open water for a certain period of time. It can be frozen into ice layers with a thickness of lOOmm ~ 2000ram . When the ice layer thickness reaches an average of 300mm or more in the middle. As the temperature continues to decline, its load-bearing capacity can ensure the safe passage of people and small vehicles on the ice. However, at the beginning of the cold season, when the frozen ice layer has not reached the safe thickness, once people, livestock, and small vehicles pass through the ice, it is very easy to cause the ice layer to crash and fall. It has been determined that humans can lose skin consciousness in water at 0 °C in 15 minutes; in a flowing water at 10 °C , 4 minutes can result in numbness of the whole limb and loss of self-rescue and rescue ability.

( B ) Uneven ice thickness, unbalanced bearing capacity

According to its different forms of existence, the waters in winter have different icing characteristics. The characteristics of icing in floating waters usually begin with the shallow water layer, that is, from the two sides of the river, it begins to freeze. Then, as the temperature continues to drop, it gradually advances to the center of the river, and its ice thickness is also thin to thick. Near the center of the water surface is the thinnest. In the season of natural temperature dips, there will be many irregular floating floes of different sizes on the water surface of the river. In the flow, the ice floe will quickly build up and freeze the entire water surface. In this case, the formed ice is convex and concave. Uneven, thin and uneven. Lakes and oceans also have the above icing laws. The difference is that calm lakes are frozen faster than flowing rivers; oceans, because of their size, and the water contains a certain amount of sodium chloride and other substances, in addition to the strong and low temperatures, Outside the oceans of the north and south poles, most of the other oceans in the frigid zone only have a small area of ​​ice on the coastline, although the ice layer has a certain thickness and the bearing strength is weak. Therefore, it is difficult to accurately determine the strength of the ice layer by performing rescue operations on this type of ice. In particular, when rescue personnel fall into the water that have not been completely closed, the water ice is thin and the ice bearing capacity is weak. It is difficult for people and equipment to approach people in danger, which greatly affects the effective conduct of rescue operations. 2005 at 3:00 p.m. on March 6th Xu, in the Songhua River in Harbin ice area, a pedestrian river ice Tasui accidentally fall in the river and trapped on an ice floe. The City Fire Command Center heard the police quickly sent out a force to carry out rescue operations. The initial commander sent a combatant under the protection of two safety ropes . The handicapped ladder was approached by the insurgents on the shore ice facing the heart of the river on floating ice. It was intended to use the fire ladder to rescue the distressed people. As the combatants walked halfway forward, the ice beneath the feet suddenly broke and the combatants fell into the icy water. The protection personnel quickly pulled the safety ropes to rescue them. Then the second combatant was sent out to rescue people from the thicker part of the ice. As a result, when he reached the position more than 10 meters away from the distress , the ice broke and the combatants fell into the ice water again. The battle was defeated in the first battle and the rescue was completed. No action can be taken at one time.

safety rope

( III ) Poor environmental conditions and difficulty in implementing rescue measures

During the rescue operations in winter on the ice, in addition to the severe natural conditions such as strong cold winds, low water temperature, thick snow, and ice slides, it is also common to encounter accidental ice loading, insufficient rescue distance, and rescue equipment. Difficult to display, long time for rescue operations and other difficulties. The existence of these conditions and difficulties directly affects the success and failure of rescue operations. Accordingly, in order to avoid accidents, rescue workers are forced to carry out rescue operations only at remote points, which inevitably increases the difficulty of rescue work. At the same time, the long-time rescue operations are excessively large. Consume, but also easily cause rescue workers' frostbite and cold damage to rescue equipment, often making rescue operations difficult to continue.

( 4 ) Lack of rescue equipment and limited action measures

According to the characteristics of winter water rescue, rescue operations require high technical performance and use functions of various types of rescue equipment . From the current situation of the current rescue equipment of the military, there are few kinds of equipment and equipment suitable for the winter water rescue operations. Single performance and use of functions, the implementation of the winter waters rescue operations is very limited. For example, some of the old-style life-saving tossers currently equipped by troops have large product performance indicators and actual errors, especially under severe cold conditions. They have poor resistance to low temperature and resistance to strong winds, and they are difficult to throw at a successful moment. Also limited by conditions, the gap in equipment performance directly affects the smooth progress of rescue operations. At the same time, due to the lack of diversified, high-tech modern winter waters rescue equipment, rescue workers are forced to use conventional, more primitive methods to implement rescue operations, thus making rescue workers subject to certain restrictions in their actions.

( 5 ) The ice bearing capacity is low, and rescue is not easy for many people to take action.

The vast majority of ice accidents occur in the early winter and early winter seasons. During this time, the ice’s load-bearing capacity is unstable as the temperature changes. The early winter season is the period when the waters begin to freeze. After a period of time, although the whole waters are frozen, the ice layer formed in the center of the water area is relatively thinner than the edge, and its load-bearing capacity is low; in the early spring season, with the temperature The slowly rising ice layer begins to melt. Although the ice layer maintains a certain thickness, its structure has undergone great changes. The structure of the ice layer has changed from the horizontal ice in the harsh winter to the vertical ice, making the ice bearing capacity. Rapid decline, this season is the most dangerous period of ice operations. Based on this, during these two periods of implementation of rescue operations, many people are not allowed to deepen into the accident area, and only a very small number of people can be assigned to implement point-to-point rescue operations under absolute security protection conditions.

Second, winter water accident rescue measures

In order to solve the unique difficulties in the winter water area accidents, it is necessary to use special equipment to carry out rescue operations when carrying out rescue operations in winter water areas.

( I ) Boat Rescue Act

When accident objects are trapped on ice floes or other objects ( islands, lighthouses, rafts, etc. ) , rescuers can thin their ice from the side of the person in danger ( usually the side of the water flow ) according to the ice conditions. The crushing of the layers, the opening of a fairway of appropriate width, and the use of motor boats with the help of ropes, gradually approaching the persons in distress from the bottom up. When the boat is about 5 meters away from the distressed person , first throw a lifebuoy with a rope so that the person in distress attaches the lifebuoy to the body, and then rescue the hull against the person in distress and rescue it to the boat. When approaching a person in distress, the boat must proceed slowly, and at all times prevent persons in distress from being washed down by the currents. At the same time, other rescuers on the ice can use safety ropes to assist the boats in berthing and prevent the boats from colliding with distress. The floe or other object that the person stays on. In addition, in case of multiple persons trapped on ice floes or other objects, during the rescue process, the persons in distress must be required to maintain the balance of ice floes or other objects in order to prevent the personnel from falling into water and causing casualties due to roll over.

Lifebuoy

( 2 ) Rope Assistance Act

1 . Use cable to save people

Rescue of persons in distress who fell into icy water, where the person in distress possesses a certain ability to move, the distance between them is short, and the wind power on site is small, the safety rope with lifebuoy is sent to the person in distress through the cable by throwing the cable. , The insurer of the treatment puts the life buoy on the body and slowly rescues the person in distress. When necessary, rescue workers with certain swimming skills should be sent to use water-proof and cold-proof clothes, and in case of safe protection, they should go to the water to help the persons in distress to escape.

2 . Use pressure throwing equipment ( rescue rockets, throwing guns, throwing packets, etc. ) to save people

In the relief distance, a certain activity in distress, the site of the wind is relatively small, as appropriate, by the pressure dumping will lifeline rope, buoy, life-saving devices such as a reticle, by a cable to the persons in distress, and then Use loudspeakers to guide people in distress. When circumstances require it, the small boat should be quickly called to greet the distressed person rescued in the water with the assistance of a safety rope.

( Three J Floating Bridge Assistance Act

In the rescue of personnel falling into the water in the thin ice area, a floating pontoon is made into a pedestrian pontoon by means of an inflatable pontoon or by using a fire ladder or an elongated flat plate with the aid of an inflatable assault boat . Then, the pontoon bridge under the control of the safety rope is pushed towards the accident area and gradually approached. Falling staff. After the pontoon taxiing forward, the rescue workers were dressed in life jackets . Under the protection of the safety ropes, they boarded the pontoon bridge to the bridge on the water side to implement rescue operations for the drowning personnel. In the implementation of the rescue process, rescue workers must maintain the balance of the bridgehead and first throw the lifebuoy to the person in distress, and request to put the lifebuoy on the body. Then, control the lifebuoy rope to rescue the immersed personnel.

Lifeguard pontoon

( D ) High-altitude rescue law

In the early spring season, due to the increase of temperature, the ice layer in rivers and other waters may suddenly burst. The formed ice pieces will be rushed downstream by the rapid flow of water. When the floe flows downstream, it is often due to narrow water channels or water channels. The obstruction of the accumulation obstructs the waterway. When it is severe, the ice floes in the waterway rush to the embankment under the effect of strong water flow, and the buildings or people at the low bank of the waterway are trapped in the drifting ice waterway, and the ice floe will The higher the heap. In this case, in addition to blasting ice channels that have accumulated large quantities of ice floes, and then using boats to carry out rescue operations, the use of helicopters to carry out rescue operations is a quick and effective method. April 14, 2005, the Songhua River in the territory of some ice flows Huachuan County Jiamusi City, due to a sudden increase in temperature, prompting the rapid melting of snow and ice surface of the river, its ice suddenly Baolie night in April 1313, resulting in A large number of ice floes drooped downstream, resulting in the downstream narrow channels being blocked by ice floes. As a result, the upper reaches of the river surface rose quickly. In a short period of time, the beach on the river bank was submerged and the dozens of residents living on the beach were besieged. In the flood. Jiamusi City Fire Brigade quickly dispatched police Wen, under the leadership of the municipal government, the use of clothing General Ken Ken Long province Heli Air Co., Ltd., and from 6 times in between ice floes flood flow of searching one by one, after more than six hours The rescue of life and death, the 33 people in distress trapped in ice water were successfully rescued without any casualties.

( five ) buoy rescue method

In carrying out salvage operations on large objects, to overcome the small ice bearing capacity in the accident area, the ice surface is wide and ice is

Many obstacles are difficult to follow. Using buoys or buoys, divers are strapped to both sides of the accident vehicle. Then, inflating the inside of the accident vehicle to float the objects that fall into the water and then using a hoist to pull it ashore is a very effective rescue measure. It should be noted that before the operation, the rescue personnel must master the weight of the falling object and the depth of the water, and then calculate the quantity to be used according to the lift of each pontoon or floating bag, so as to avoid delay in rescue time or other economic losses caused by insufficient lift.

Third, rescue operations warning

1 . The police will accept and confirm the type of accident, the time of occurrence, the specific location, the degree of accident or disaster.

2 . According to the situation of the police and combined with the emergency plan, scientifically deploy rescue forces and timely withdraw relevant unit rescue teams and necessary rescue equipment, such as assault boats, iron and wooden long slabs, and other equipment and tools to assist rescue operations.

3 . Do a good job in logistical support for the cold and cold in the accident scene . Timely mobilization of medical personnel to the scene to prevent accidental reductions in combat.

4 . According to the situation, an on-site rescue headquarters has been set up to focus the relevant experts on the specific implementation of the rescue operation.

5 . Strengthen rescue equipment equipment standby, maintenance and other work. Call the mobile wild drinker to the field to ensure the food supply for rescue workers.