Silage is a feed material that can be stored for a long time by fermenting green or semi-dry feed into silage or silage bags under anaerobic conditions by lactic acid bacteria. The principle is that lactic acid bacteria produce lactic acid by anaerobic fermentation, lowering the pH, so that all biological activities in the silage are inhibited, and the purpose of preserving the feed is achieved. Silage is the main source of roughage for ruminants because of its juicy, soft, sour taste and easy to be eaten and digested by livestock. gCF China Feed Industry Information Network - based on feed, serving animal husbandry

1 silage fermentation process stage gCF China feed industry information network - based on feed, service animal husbandry

The silage fermentation process can be divided into four stages, namely aerobic stage, fermentation stage, stable stage and secondary fermentation stage. There are different fermentation times and distinct microbial distributions at each stage. However, it should be noted that silage fermentation is a continuous process and there are no obvious boundaries in these four stages. gCF China Feed Industry Information Network - based on feed, serving animal husbandry

1.1 Stage 1: Aerobic Phase gCF China Feed Industry Information Network - Based on Feed, Serving Livestock

The fresh silage material is harvested, chopped, and compacted in a silo, and this phase begins immediately. In the case of just sealing, due to the difference in the length and water content of the raw material, different amounts of air are mixed. The shorter the cutting and the higher the water content, the higher the compaction tightness, and the less the air content, generally about 2/ of the total volume. 3. Since the cells in the freshly harvested green plants do not die immediately, they can use the oxygen in the air to breathe and generate heat. Proteases in plants also begin to break down proteins into amino acids, and saccharification enzymes increase the amount of soluble carbohydrates that can be fermented by microorganisms. The residual oxygen makes the number of aerobic and facultative bacteria greatly increased, such as molds on the surface of plants or contaminated molds, yeasts and some species in intestinal bacteria. As the respiration continues, oxygen is gradually consumed, and the dominant bacteria are also changed from aerobic bacteria to facultative anaerobic bacteria. This stage occurs during the initial period of silage and is the main stage of the decline in the nutritional quality of silage, which generally does not exceed 24 hours. gCF China Feed Industry Information Network - based on feed, serving animal husbandry

1.2 Stage 2: Fermentation Stage gCF China Feed Industry Information Network - Based on Feed, Serving Livestock

This phase begins in the late stage of the decline in oxygen concentration in silage, generally starting from the 36th to 48th hour and entering the anaerobic fermentation process of microorganisms, and lasting for several days or weeks, depending on the suitable forage and fermentation conditions. . Various bacteria in silage, including Enterococcus, Clostridium, Yeast, and Lactobacillus, grow by competitive use of soluble carbohydrates and other nutrients. After the oxygen is exhausted, the growth of aerobic bacteria stops. Compared with high-quality silage, the content of lactic acid bacteria is very high. In anaerobic bacteria, lactic acid bacteria grow very rapidly, and a large number of them grow into dominant bacteria, producing acid substances such as lactic acid, acetic acid and butyric acid, which drastically reduce the environmental pH and effectively contain no The growth and reproduction of acid-resistant spoilage bacteria plays a role in preservation and preservation. The pH will continue to drop to 3.8 to 4.2, and most of the microbial activity is inhibited and enters a stable phase. gCF China Feed Industry Information Network - based on feed, serving animal husbandry

1.3 Stage 3: Stabilization Stage gCF China Feed Industry Information Network - Based on Feed, Serving Livestock

At this stage, the air is not allowed to enter the silo, and the production is generally used after the stage 2, so the probability of occurrence is small. Most of the microorganisms are greatly reduced in the second stage. At this time, the lactic acid bacteria become dominant bacteria, and as the lactic acid accumulates to a certain extent, the lactic acid bacteria themselves are also inhibited. Lactic acid accumulates to 1.5% to 2.0% of the wet weight of silage, and the nutrients of silage mature in an anaerobic and acidic environment and are preserved for a long time. Several highly acid-tolerant yeasts are still alive but almost inactive, while some bacilli and Clostridium crouch in the form of spores and enter a relatively stable period. Only some acid-resistant proteases, NSP enzymes and a few lactobacilli continue to be active at low levels. If the external conditions are not changed, it can be stored stably for a long time. gCF China Feed Industry Information Network - based on feed, serving animal husbandry

1.4 Stage 4: Secondary Fermentation Stage gCF China Feed Industry Information Network - Based on Feed, Serving Livestock

This stage begins once the silage is exposed to the air. This is unavoidable during the feeding period, but it is also advanced due to the destruction of the cover (such as the destruction of rats or birds). The process of corruption can be divided into two phases. The first is the beginning of corruption, caused by the degradation of organic acids by yeast and acetic acid bacteria. This causes the pH to rise and is accompanied by an increase in temperature and the destruction of Bacillus. The second stage is rapidly proliferating like mold and coliforms. Aerobic spoil occurs when the silage is almost completely exposed to the air, however the extent of the damage is highly dependent on the amount and activity of spoilage bacteria in the silage, which may be 1.5% to 4.5% dry matter per day in the contaminated area. gCF China Feed Industry Information Network - based on feed, serving animal husbandry

It can be seen that there are many kinds of microorganisms involved in activities and functions during silage. In order to promote the growth of beneficial lactic acid bacteria during silage and prevent mold or corruption, it is necessary to understand the activities of various microorganisms and the effects on silage. gCF China Feed Industry Information Network - based on feed, serving animal husbandry

Reflective Insulated Glass

Reflective Insulated Glass is coating and energy efficient product which is used in tropic area and large scale glass building. Often be used in exterior building, such as windows, curtain wall, facade, the feature of reflective insulated glass is high reflection.