Ginger is also known as ginger. It belongs to the genus Zingiberaceae and is a perennial herbaceous plant. It is cultivated in China as an annual economic crop and is an important vegetable variety of special products in China. In the cultivation process, ginger is often harmed by major diseases and insect pests such as ginger warm disease, ginger spot disease, ginger anthracnose and underground pests, two noctuid pests, ginger and dish, causing loss of production and quality. In order to ensure the healthy development of the ginger industry, it is particularly important to accurately identify the main pests and diseases of the ginger and timely control.
1 Identification of major pests and diseases 1.1 Identification of main disease symptoms Ginger-temperature disease: also known as bacterial wilt and rot disease. Mainly invade underground stems and roots. The susceptible fleshy stem is water-stained yellowish brown, tarnished, and the internal tissue gradually softens and rots, leaving only the outer skin, and the extruded disease can flow out the white rice water-like juice and emit odor. The roots were also yellowish brown and the roots were all rotten. The stems on the ground are dark purple, and the internal tissues become brown and rot, leaving fibers. The leaves were wilted, the leaves were yellowish and the edges were curled. Finally, the whole plant sagged and died.
Ginger spot disease: also known as white star disease, mainly harmful to the leaves. Leaf spot yellow-white, fusiform or oblong, small, 2~5mm long, thinner in the middle of the lesion, easy to rupture or perforation. In severe cases, the lesions are densely covered, and the whole leaves are star-shaped, so it is also known as white star disease. When the humidity is high, the small part of the needle tip can be seen in the diseased part, that is, the conidia of the pathogen.
Ginger anthrax: harms the leaves. More from the tip of the leaf or the edge of the leaf, the first is a water-stained brown spot, and then expanded downward into the elliptical or fusiform or amorphous brown spot. The moiré is obviously or not obvious, several The lesions are combined with synthetic plaques, and the leaves become brown and dry. When it is wet, there is a small black spot on the spot, which is the conidial disk of the pathogen.
1.2 Main pest characteristics identify underground pests:
(1) 蛴螬, alias Baidi silkworm, white soil silkworm, is the general name for the larvae of the Coleoptera. The occurrence of the species of the tortoise family and the tortoise family is generally the most serious. The carcass hypertrophy is nearly C-shaped, the body is mostly white, and some are yellowish white. The body wall is soft and wrinkled, and the body surface is fine and fine. The head is large and round, mostly yellowish brown or reddish brown. 3 pairs of chest feet, generally longer hind legs. There are thorns on the 10th section of the abdomen.
(2) The ground tiger is the collective name for the three pests of the small tiger, the earth tiger and the yellow tiger. The larvae are mainly larvae, and the larvae are nicknamed black silkworm and black silkworm. Larval body length: The small tiger is 37~47mm, grayish black, the surface is covered with granules of different sizes, the arm plate is yellowish brown, with 2 dark brown longitudinal bands; the earth tiger is 41~60mm, the body surface is more wrinkled particles Not obvious, the arm plates are all dark brown; the yellow ground tiger is 33~42mm, the surface particles are not obvious, and the arm plates are two yellow-brown spots.
Noctuidae pests: mainly Brassica chinensis and Spodoptera litura, both of which are Lepidoptera. The mature larvae of the cabbage moth, 50mm long, have a brown head, pale green on the ventral surface, yellow-green or brown on the back; the old larvae of the Spodoptera litura are 35~47mm in length, dark brown in the head, and the body color of the ankle. The density of the host and the insect population are different. The top line, the sub-back line and the Valve line are grayish yellow and orange yellow. From the middle chest to the ninth abdominal section, there are 1 pair of triangular black spots on the inner side of the sub-back line, of which 1 and 7 8, the largest abdominal section, the chest is nearly black and blue.
Ginger discs: Lepidoptera, make discs, alias silver spots. The adult body is 18~22mm long and has a wingspan of 32~44mm. The body wings are dark brown. The front wings have 5 gray spots. The plaques located below the middle chamber are large, and there is a large white spot in the center of the hind wings. The egg length is 0.8mm, hemispherical and top. Flat, in contact with the leaf surface, there are more than 50 raised fine lines on the side of the hat. The mature larvae are 35~45mm in length and green in the grass. After 3 years of age, two near-moon-shaped maculas appear on both sides of the abdomen on the sixth line of the abdomen, and the valve is white.
2 The main conditions of pests and diseases 2.1 The main path of disease transmission and epidemic conditions Ginger-temperature disease: pathogenic bacteria, bacteria-bearing ginger or soil-borne bacteria is the main source of initial infection, and can be used for long-distance transmission by ginger. The ginger seedlings that grow with the vaccine will become ill and become the diseased plant in the field center. They spread by irrigation water, surface water, underground pests and rainwater. High temperature and high humidity, when the weather is sunny and sunny, especially the ground temperature changes are conducive to the epidemic. Continuous cropping, low soil weight, no covering, multiple cultivating and weeding, and partial application of nitrogen fertilizer.
Ginger spot disease: The pathogen is called M. sphaeroides, which is a fungus. The mycelium and conidia are mainly used for overwintering with the diseased remains, and the conidia are used as the source of primary dip dyeing and re-dipping, and spread by rainwater spatter. Warm and humid, the plants are sullen, the humidity in the field is large or continuous, which is conducive to the spread of diseases.
Ginger anthrax: The pathogen is a fungus known as a fungus. The mycelium and the conidia disk are overwintered in the diseased part or in the soil left by the diseased body. The conidia are spread by rainwater spattering or small insect activity, which becomes the source of initial infection and reinfection of the disease. In addition to harming ginger, the pathogen can infect a variety of Zingiberaceae or Solanaceae crops. The pathogens turned on the host crops in the field, and there was no obvious wintering period. Continuous cropping with Solanaceae crops, high humidity in the field or partial application of nitrogen fertilizer, plant growth is prosperous and the disease spreads.
2.2 Main pest pest characteristics and living habits 蛴螬: Inhabiting the soil, eating the tubers and seedlings just planted, causing the lack of seedlings and smashing, is a kind of pests with wide distribution and serious damage. The number of algebras in the following year varies by type and geographical environment. It is a kind of insect with a long history of life. It is usually one generation or two to three years old, and the first generation is 5 to 6 years old. A serious generation of patina gold turtles occurred in the city every year. In the habitat of the habitat, the activity is mainly related to soil physical and chemical properties and temperature and humidity. In the year, the activity optimum soil average temperature 13 ~ 18 ℃, higher than 23 ℃, the transfer to the deep soil, soil temperature fall down to their activities suitable temperature, and then moved to the upper layer of soil.
Black-soiled silkworm: The larva bites off the stem of the seedling near the ground, causing the plant to die, causing the lack of seedlings to break down, and even destroying the species. In the city, we can breed all the year round and there is no wintering. The larvae are 6 years old. They feed on the ground, weeds or younger parts of the host before 3 years old. They are not harmful. After 3 years of age, they are lurking in the topsoil during the day. They come out at night and are agile, sexually brutal and can kill each other. The mature larvae have a pseudo-death habit and are shrunk into a ring shape.
Black soil silkworms prefer warm and humid environment, the optimum development temperature is 13~25°C, the rainwater is sufficient or perennial irrigation land, the soil is loose, the agglomerate structure is good, and the locus, clay loam and sandy loam soil with strong water retention are suitable for black soil silkworm. Especially in the green grass around Jiangtian, it can provide adult eggs laying place, and there are many dense-sourced plants. When it can provide supplemental nutrition for adults, it will form a large insect source and cause serious damage.
Cabbage worm: the newly hatched larvae are fed on the leaf back and eat the mesophyll, leaving the epidermis; after 3 years of age, the leaves can be eaten as holes or nicks; after 4 years of age, the leaves are scattered and eaten day and night; 6th instar larvae lurk in the rhizosphere soil during the day, night It hurts, causing serious production cuts. Adults of Brassica chinensis have a strong tendency to black light and molasses odor. They like to lay eggs in the high and dense fields of the plants. The eggs are produced in a single layer of leaf back, and each female adult lays 4-5 pieces. 600~800 tablets. The optimum temperature for development is 18~25 °C, and the relative humidity is 70%~80%.
Spodoptera litura: The larvae eat leaves, which can eat the leaves of the whole crop in severe cases, causing great losses. 5 to 6 generations can occur in the city. Adults have nocturnal activities at night, and they can fly at a distance of tens of meters and up to 10 meters at a time. Adults have phototaxis and tend to have sweet and sour wine and fermented carrots, malt, bean cake and cow dung. Adults need to supplement nutrients and take sugar to facilitate spawning. Eggs are mostly produced on marginal crops with a thick green color, with the most veins on the back of the leaves in the middle of the plant. The first-instar larvae clustered for feeding. Before the third instar, only the mesophyll was left, and the epidermis and veins remained, which turned white and turned yellow. The developmental temperature of Spodoptera litura is higher at 29~30°C, so the severe damage period is mostly from July to October.
Ginger butterfly: The larvae silky leaves become sputum, concealing them for feeding, the damaged leaves are nicked or broken in one third, and only the petiole is left in severe cases. It can occur in the city for 4 generations a year, with the wintering in the grass and dead leaves, and the emergence and spawning in early April of the following year. The larvae began to harm in mid-May and were the most severe from July to August. Female butterflies produce eggs on the back of the leaves, and each female adult can produce 20 to 34 grains. After hatching, the larva crawls to the edge of the leaf, and the leaves are adorned with leaves. After 3 years of age, the leaves can be rolled into tubular leafhoppers, and the plants are damaged in the morning and evening, and the mature larvae are paralyzed in the leaves.
3 Main pests and diseases pollution-free measures 3.1 Main pests and diseases pollution-free control measures Jiang Wen disease: 1 selection of resistant (resistant) disease species, such as dragon claw ginger, iron green, white ginger. 2 Reasonable rotation for replacement, select high-lying and well-drained plots, apply 100-150kg of lime per 667m2 after deep turning, and raise sorghum and increase phosphorus and potassium fertilizer. 3 ginger disinfection: soaking seeds with streptomycin sulfate 500mg/kg for 48 hours or soaking ginger with 30% phenylthiazide EC 1000 times for 6 hours.
The ginger seed is cut under the ash and ash. 4 In the early stage of the disease, the diseased plants should be eradicated in time, and the pesticides should be sprayed to prevent and control the disease, so that the Qimiao irrigation points can be taken, and the diseased plants should be sprayed out in time to prevent the disease. The disease can be filled with 5% copper sulfate or 40% agricultural streptomycin 1000-1500 times liquid 0.5~1kg per hole. The spray can be sprayed with 10% oxazolidine water dispersing granule 2000 times solution or 20% sterilized copper suspension agent 600 times solution, sprayed with good liquid 75~100kg per 667m2, once every 10~15 days, continuous control 2~3 Times.
Ginger spot disease: 1 Try to avoid continuous cropping, do not plant in low-lying land, pay attention to clearing the ditch, and do a good job in field cleaning. 2 Apply bio-organic fertilizer with decomposed organic fertilizer to avoid partial application or excessive application of nitrogen fertilizer, and pay attention to increasing phosphorus and potassium fertilizer and organic fertilizer. 3 In the early stage of the disease, spray 75% chlorothalonil WP 600 times or 78% wave. Mn-Zn wettable powder 600 times, once every 7 to 10 days, a total of 2 to 3 times.
Ginger anthracnose: 1 Avoid the continuous cropping of ginger. 2 Completely collect the sickness and burn it at the time of harvest. 3 Apply organic active fertilizer or bio-organic compound fertilizer, grasp the cultivation and disease prevention with the focus on fertilizer and water management, increase the application of phosphorus and potassium fertilizer and organic fertilizer, avoid the application of nitrogen fertilizer, sorghum deep ditch and clear ditch drainage. 4 In the early stage of the disease, timely spray 20% prochloraz oil 800 times solution, 50% prochloraz manganese complex wettable powder 1000 times liquid or 70% props zinc wettable powder 600 times liquid, 10~15 days once, prevention 2~3 times. Pay attention to the spray and spray the liquid evenly.
3.2 Main pests and pollution-free prevention measures 蛴螬: 1 should do a good job of measuring and reporting, investigate the density of insects in the field, grasp the occurrence of adult larvae of the main genus, and timely control adult worms. 2 Pick up the larvae when plowing the soil. Avoid application as a decomposing farmyard manure and reduce adult spawning. Rational irrigation, so that the scorpion is transferred to the depths of the soil layer to avoid the most vulnerable period of ginger. 3 Pharmacy treatment of soil, with 50% phoxim emulsifiable concentrate per 667m2200~250ml water 10 times, sprayed in 25~30kg fine sand mixed into toxic soil, sprinkled in sowing ditch (pond) or with 5% phoxim The granules treat the soil with 2.5 to 3 kg per 667 m2. 4 The agent is rooted, and the plant is filled with 50% phoxim emulsifiable concentrate 700~800 times in the field where the cockroaches are heavy, and 150~250 ml of the liquid is poured per plant.
Black soil silkworm: 1 forecast forecast, black spot light or sweet and sour liquid can be used to induce moths. For example, an average of 5 to 10 moths per day is indicated, which means that it enters the moth season; 20 to 25 days after the peak period of the moth is a period of 2 to 3 instar larvae, to prevent the period. If the larvae have 0.5~1 larvae per square meter before planting or 0.1~0.3 larvae per square meter after planting (or 1~2 heads of larvae on 100 seedlings), they should be controlled. 2 Remove weeds to prevent adult tigers from laying eggs and reduce the density of insects. 3 trapping prevention and control: First, use black light to trap; second, sweet and sour liquid trapping, which is prepared into 6 parts of sugar, 3 parts of vinegar, 1 part of white wine, 30 parts of water, 1 part of 90% trichlorfon and mix thoroughly into the pot. In the field block. 4 sex attractant trap: a trap is set up every 2 acres, supported by a tripod in the ginger ground, 1 meter above the ground. 5 chemical control: spraying 48% chlorpyrifos (poisonous silk, Le Siben) emulsifiable oil every 667m290~120ml water 50~60kg or 50% phoxim emulsifiable concentrate 800 times liquid spray control.
Cabbageworm, Spodoptera litura: 1 advocates trapping adults, can be trapped by black light or sweet and sour liquid. 2 In the larval stage, 0.2% bitter vine emulsion oil 1000 times solution or 0.5% printing cardinol oil 800 times solution can be sprayed for prevention and treatment.
Ginger Butterfly: 1 After the harvest, the ginger will be cleaned of the fake stems and leaves to burn or tanning the fertilizer to reduce the source of the insects. 2 manually remove the insects. 3 In the larval stage, the insecticidal bacteria (S. cerevisiae) suspension 800 times solution or 20% fenvalerate EC 2000 times solution was sprayed.

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