Laser cutting technology (2)
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(1) Using a three-dimensional laser cutting system or configuring an industrial robot, cutting a space curve, and developing various three-dimensional cutting software to speed up the process from drawing to cutting parts.
(2) In order to improve production efficiency, research and development of various special cutting systems, material conveying systems, linear motor drive systems, etc., the cutting speed of the cutting system has exceeded 100m / min.
(3) In order to expand the application of engineering machinery, shipbuilding industry, etc., the thickness of cut low carbon steel has exceeded 30mm, and pay special attention to the process technology of cutting low carbon steel with nitrogen to improve the cutting quality of cutting thick plates. Therefore, in China's industrial application field of expanding CO 2 laser cutting, solving some technical problems in new applications is still an important issue for engineers and technicians.
(C), several key technologies of CO 2 laser cutting are integrated technologies of light, machine and electricity.
The parameters of the laser beam, the performance and accuracy of the machine and the CNC system directly affect the efficiency and quality of the laser cutting. Especially for parts with high cutting precision or large thickness, the following key technologies must be mastered and solved: 1. Focus position control technology: One of the advantages of laser cutting is that the energy density of the beam is high, generally 10W/cm 2 . Since the energy density is proportional to 4/Ï€d2, the focal spot diameter is as small as possible to produce a narrow slit; and the focal spot diameter is also proportional to the focal depth of the lens. The smaller the focal depth of the focusing lens, the smaller the focal spot diameter. However, the cutting has a splash, and the lens is too close to the workpiece to damage the lens. Therefore, the focal length of 5〃~7.5〃〞 (127~190mm) is widely used in industrial applications of high-power CO2 laser cutting. The actual focal spot diameter is 0.1~0.4mm. For high-quality cutting, the effective depth of focus is also related to the lens diameter and the material being cut. For example, a carbon steel is cut with a 5 é€é•œ lens, and the focal depth is within +2% of the focal length, that is, about 5 mm. Relative to the position of the surface of the material being cut. Considering the cutting quality, cutting speed and other factors, in principle, 6mm metal material, the focus is on the surface; 6mm carbon steel, the focus is above the surface; 6mm stainless steel, the focus is Below the surface. The specific dimensions are determined experimentally.
There are three convenient methods for determining the focus position in industrial production: (1) Printing method: moving the cutting head from top to bottom, performing laser beam printing on a plastic plate, and printing the smallest diameter as a focus. (2) Inclined plate method: The plastic plate obliquely placed at an angle to the vertical axis is horizontally pulled, and the minimum point of the laser beam is focused. (3) Blue spark method: remove the nozzle, blow the air, and pulse the laser on the stainless steel plate to move the cutting head from top to bottom until the blue spark is at the maximum focus. For the cutting machine of the flying light path, due to the divergence angle of the beam, the length of the optical path is different when the proximal end and the distal end are cut, and the beam size before focusing has a certain difference. The larger the diameter of the incident beam, the smaller the diameter of the focal spot. In order to reduce the change of the spot size caused by the change of the beam size before focusing, the manufacturers of laser cutting systems at home and abroad provide some special devices for users to choose:
(1) Parallel light pipe. This is a commonly used method, in which a parallel light pipe is added to the output end of the CO 2 laser for beam expansion treatment, the beam diameter after the beam expansion becomes larger, and the divergence angle becomes smaller, so that the near end and the far side in the cutting working range are made. The beam size is close to the same before focusing.
(2) Adding a separate moving lens lower shaft to the cutting head, which is two independent parts from the Z axis that controls the nozzle to stand off from the material surface. When the machine table moves or the optical axis moves, the beam also moves from the proximal end to the distal F axis, so that the spot diameter remains the same throughout the processing area after the beam is focused. As shown in Figure 2.
(3) Control the water pressure of the focusing mirror (generally the metal reflection focusing system). If the beam size becomes smaller before focusing and the focal spot diameter becomes larger, the water pressure is automatically controlled to change the focus curvature to make the focal spot diameter smaller.
(4) The compensation optical path system in the x and y directions is added to the flying optical path cutting machine. That is, when the optical path of the cutting distal end is increased, the compensation optical path is shortened; when the optical path of the cutting proximal end is decreased, the compensation optical path is increased to keep the optical path length consistent.
2. Cutting perforation technology: Any kind of thermal cutting technology, except for a few cases, can start from the edge of the board, generally a small hole must be worn on the board. Earlier on the laser stamping compound machine, a punch was used to punch out a hole, and then a laser was used to cut from the small hole. There are two basic methods for perforating a laser cutter without a stamping device:
(1) Blast drilling: After the material is irradiated by a continuous laser, a pit is formed in the center, and then the molten material is quickly removed by the oxygen flow coaxial with the laser beam to form a hole. Generally, the size of the hole is related to the thickness of the plate. The average diameter of the blasting perforation is half of the thickness of the plate. Therefore, the blasting hole of the thicker plate has a larger hole diameter and is not round, and it is not suitable for use on parts with high requirements (such as oil mesh joint pipe). ), can only be used on scrap. In addition, since the oxygen pressure used for the perforation is the same as that at the time of cutting, the splash is large.
(2) Pulse drilling: Pulse drilling with high peak power causes a small amount of material to be melted or vaporized. Air or nitrogen is usually used as an auxiliary gas to reduce the pore expansion due to exothermic oxidation. The gas pressure is lower than the oxygen pressure when cutting. small. Each pulsed laser produces only a small particle jet that is progressively deeper, so the slab perforation time takes a few seconds. Once the perforation is completed, the auxiliary gas is immediately exchanged for oxygen for cutting. Thus, the perforation diameter is small, and the perforation quality is superior to the blasting perforation The laser used for this purpose should not only have a higher output power; more importantly, the time and space characteristics of the beam, so generally the cross-flow CO 2 laser cannot meet the requirements of laser cutting. In addition, pulse perforation requires a more reliable pneumatic control system to achieve gas type, gas pressure switching and perforation time control. In the case of pulsed perforation, in order to obtain a high-quality incision, the transition technique from the pulse perforation of the workpiece at rest to the constant-speed continuous cutting of the workpiece should be taken seriously. In theory, it is usually possible to change the cutting conditions of the acceleration section: such as focal length, nozzle position, gas pressure, etc., but in practice it is unlikely that the above conditions are changed due to too short a time. In industrial production, the method of changing the average laser power is mainly used. The specific methods are as follows: (1) changing the pulse width; (2) changing the pulse frequency; (3) changing the pulse width and frequency at the same time. The actual results show that the (3) effect is the best.
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