Autumn is the last season of fruit tree growth in a year. It is also the mature period of apple-based fruit trees and late-maturing varieties. It is also the golden period of flower buds deep differentiation and organic nutrient storage. Therefore, grasping the management of the orchard in this period can not only effectively control the occurrence and spread of pests and diseases, improve the fruit yield and quality of the year, ensure the high yield of fruit farmers, increase the income of trees, promote tree bud differentiation, and promote the flowering of fruit trees in the following year. A solid foundation for the rate, fruit set rate and high yield, stable production and quality.

 

　　 1 autumn trim

 

　 That is , trimming from August to November . It mainly regulates the growth potential of fruit trees, improves the ventilation and light transmission conditions of orchards, promotes fruit coloration, improves fruit quality, improves the photosynthetic capacity of fruit trees, increases the organic nutrient reserves of trees, promotes flower bud differentiation, and increases the number and quality of flower buds; Body, enhance the ability of fruit trees to resist cold and winter.

 

　　 1.1 sapling

 

Mainly to pull branches and topping. In the middle of August , the angle between the saplings and the initial fruit tree branches was small, and the branches were pulled to 80 ° ~ 85 °, and the auxiliary branches were pulled above 90 °. The competition branches, erect branches and sprouting branches on the saplings are twisted and turned 180 ° and topped to promote nutrient accumulation. After mid- September , there are no branches that have stopped growing on the saplings and the first fruit trees, and 3 to 5 cm are removed to promote the maturity of the branches and enhance the cold resistance.

 

　　 1.2 hanging fruit tree pruning

 

Mainly to thin branches, topping, pull branches. In the middle and late August, for the competition branches, erect branches, inner lychees, etc. in the result tree, depending on the size of the space, twisting, picking or thinning, ventilation and light transmission, reducing nutrient consumption and reducing winter shear. For the long-term slender auxiliary branches, depending on the size of the space, retreat to the annual ring to enhance the tree. For the long-lasting 2~3 years of auxiliary branches, properly retract or wear a cap at the junction of spring and autumn, control the flower. For long fruit tops, twist 90 ° or retain 10 to 12 leaf cuts to promote fruit development and coloration. In mid- August , the two-year growth will be put on the branches, and the dead caps will be trimmed at the junction of the first and second years to promote the formation of flower buds; the topping of the backbone branches can promote the lateral branches and promote the expansion of the crown; Picking the heart again, promoting its multiple branches, can be cultivated in advance to form the result of flowering. In September , the lateral branches and the 80~100 cm extension branches on the center are 70 ° ~ 80 °, and the branches should be combined with hoes, twists, rings, etc. This measure is especially suitable for short-branched varieties. Spindle-shaped pruning of the dwarf anvil.

 

　　 2 pest control

 

In autumn, due to more rain, poor orchard ventilation, pests and diseases are very easy to occur, so it is very important to grasp the prevention and control of pests and diseases in this period, not only can kill and control pests and diseases, reduce the density of insects and winter base, but also reduce the prevention and control pressure of Hunchun. The main focus should be on leaf mites, mites, golden moths, gulf caterpillars, red spiders, leaf roller moths, rot, anthracnose, ring rot and early defoliation.

 

　　 2.1 autumn soil

 

According to the wintering habits of the golden moth, the scorpion caterpillar, the red spider, the leaf roller moth and other pests concentrated in the soil around the trunk, the tree leaves are turned over in time, and the diseased leaves, the fruits, the weeds and the pests in the winter are turned into the ground. Deep in the soil to eliminate weeds and a large number of pests and diseases in the soil, and reduce the pests and diseases in the orchard in the coming year.

 

　　 2.2 Clean Orchard

 

The surface pests and dead fruits and the small dead fruits on the trees should be collected and destroyed and buried deeply to reduce the initial infestation source of the leap year.

 

　　 2.3 Chemical control

 

For leaf aphid, 1.8% avermectin 3000 times solution, or 5% Nisolon 2000 times solution, or 20% sputum death net 3000 times solution; for aphids, gold-grained moths, boat-shaped caterpillars, leaf-rolling moths leaf-eating insects and other optional diflubenzuron 31,500 times or 20% pYRIDABEN · chlordimeform suspending 1500-1800 times, cypermethrin 52.25% * 1000 ~ 1500 times chlorpyrifos, chlorpyrifos 1500 times Such as insecticide crown spray control; for anthracnose, ring disease, early leaf disease and other diseases can choose 50% carbendazim 1000 times liquid or 43% good gram 4000 times, 70% Antaisheng 600 times liquid, Bideley 600 ~800 times liquid, Jian Litong 1000 times liquid, 50% imported methyl thiophanate WP 800~1000 times liquid, 80% big raw WP 800 times liquid and other fungicides. The above pesticides should be rotated and used alternately to fully improve the efficacy and avoid drug resistance.

 

 

　　 3 fertilizer management

 

　　 3.1 Topdressing under the tree

 

In the middle to late July to the end of August , the fruit orchard is applied to the orchard for one time to increase the weight of the single fruit, increase the grade fruit rate and yield, and enrich the flower bud and tree nutrient accumulation, and improve the tree resistance. The quick-acting phosphorus and potassium fertilizer is the main one, and the general application amount is 50-70 kg. The fertilization method adopts the multi-point point fertilization method, and the water is timely poured after fertilization.

 

　　 3.2 Spraying on the tree

 

From the beginning of September , 0.3% potassium dihydrogen phosphate or 0.75% calcium nitrate, 0.3% zinc sulfate, 0.25% borax, 0.3% of the late-maturing varieties such as Red Fuji are sprayed every 10-15 days . Ammonium molybdate, etc., to promote fruit enlargement, fruit coloring, enhance the disease resistance of fruit trees, and improve the storage capacity of fruits. Foliar application of 0.5% urea or 1.0% ammonium bicarbonate after harvesting promotes flower bud hypertrophy. Spray 200 times After harvest urea solution or potassium dihydrogen phosphate solution 200-fold, and even spray 2-3 times, every 5 to 7 days, spray.

 

　　 3.3 autumn application base fertilizer

 

Generally, after fruit picking, the amount of fertilizer applied accounts for more than 60% of the annual fertilization amount , and the fertilizer is mainly organic fertilizer, supplemented by chemical fertilizer. Administered in an amount of 1 kg of fruit per 2 kg embodiment the high-decomposed manure (chicken manure, cattle manure, manure, etc.), full fruit trees less than 5000 kilograms of fertilizer per acre, admixed with 30 kg of urea, dicalcium phosphate 20 kg of ammonium and potassium sulfate , timely irrigation after application, in order to absorb nutrients and improve fertilizer utilization.

 

　　 4 fruit management

 

　　 4.1 fruit bag

 

The fruit of the bag is usually removed from the bag 10 to 20 days before fruit picking . First removal of the outer layer of paper bags, paper bags to retain the inner red, 3 to 7 days to go inside the bag, choose cloudy or cloudy weather in addition to the bag, the bag should be sunny again except in the bag except 9-12 am, 3-5 pm, Strictly prevent the bag from being removed during high temperature to prevent sunburn.

 

　　 4.2 Shop reflective film

 

Generally, the upper part of the canopy has good light conditions, and the apple is easy to be fully colored, while the light conditions in the middle and lower parts are poor, and the coloration of the fruit is difficult, especially in the fruit, which is difficult to color, which affects the appearance quality of the apple. In order to solve this problem, the red color variety can be started in the coloring period ( 20~30 days before harvesting , after the bagging fruit is removed from the bag), and the silver reflective film is tiled between the tree trays or the rows, and the reflected light is used to promote the fruit surface. Evenly colored.

 

　　 4.3 picking leaves and turning fruits

 

The mid-maturing variety is 10 to 15 days before harvesting , and the late-maturing variety is 20 to 30 days before fruit harvesting (the bagging fruit is in front of the inner bag), and the “fruit leaf” and the fruit are covered first on the fruit surface. The "shading leaf" in the range of 5 cm is removed, and after 8 to 10 days (the bag inside the bag is removed for 4 to 6 days) , the "shading leaf" which affects the coloring from the range of 6 to 15 cm from the fruit is removed. The leaves are only cut off and the petioles are retained. Generally, the amount of leaves picked up accounts for about 20% of the total leaves . After picking the leaves when sufficiently colored fruit male surface to achieve product standards, selected from the cloudy or sunny before 10 am, pm after 4 by changing shoots position and fruits direction of approach, the fruit nightside transferred to the male side, so that the fruit full light Coloring, generally turning fruit can increase the fruit coloring index by about 20% on average .

 

　　 4.4 timely mining

 

According to the survey, the apples in the middle and late ripe red varieties increased by about 1 gram per day on the 20th to 30th day before ripening , and the anthocyanin content in the pericarp increased rapidly. If the early harvest is 10 days, the yield is reduced by 10%~15%, the sugar content and vitamins are reduced by 1/3~1/2, the cuticle of the peel and the waxy layer are poorly developed, and the problems of fading, water loss and wrinkle are prone to occur during storage. Therefore, in the appropriate harvest period, the later the harvest, the better the coloring, the better the quality, the more favorable the sugar and color enhancement of the fruit.

 

　　 5 disaster defense

 

There are many precipitations in autumn, the temperature is high and unstable, and there are many strong convective weathers. Therefore, the majority of fruit farmers should always pay attention to the weather changes, pay attention to listening to the weather forecast, and take effective measures such as setting up flood control nets before the downfall. After the fall, the majority of fruit farmers should quickly take effective measures such as “one spray, two clear gardens, three spray fertilizers” to carry out production self-help and reduce losses to a minimum.